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CHECKPOINT Statement 13449
The CHECKPOINT statement synchronizes data in the write-ahead log (WAL) to the database data file. Examples Synchronize data in the default database: CHECKPOINT; Synchronize data in the specified database: CHECKPOINT file_db; Synchronize da ... sed (COMPRESS); USE memory_compressed; Checkpointing triggers vacuuming deleted rows, allowing space to be reclaimed after deletes/truncation. Syntax Checkpoint operations happen automatically based on the WAL size (see Configuration ). This statement i ... reclaimed. Note that this does not remove all deleted rows, but rather merges row groups that have a significant amount of deletes together. In the current implementation this requires ~25% of rows to be deleted in adjacent row groups. Since v1.4.0, che ... bles ), where it likewise vacuums deleted rows and reclaims space. Warning The VACUUM statement does not trigger vacuuming deletes and hence does not reclaim space. ...
https://man.mtool.work/duckdb/2.0/sql/statements/checkpoint.html
Writing to Iceberg 11604
The DuckDB iceberg extension supports writing to Iceberg tables when an Iceberg catalog is attached. Writing to a table read directly from storage with iceberg_scan is not supported: the catalog is required to commit the new table metadata. ... rties can also be inspected and modified after creation, see Table Properties Functions . UPDATE and DELETE The UPDATE and DELETE statements are supported on both partitioned and unpartitioned tables: UPDATE iceberg_catalog.sales.events SET event_name = ... berg_catalog.sales.events WHERE event_time < TIMESTAMP '2026-01-01'; They use merge-on-read semantics and write positional deletes, see Limitations for UPDATE and DELETE . MERGE INTO The MERGE INTO statement is the recommended way to express upserts aga ... = target.id) WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT; You can also use WHEN MATCHED THEN DELETE to express a delete set in the same statement. As with UPDATE and DELETE , MERGE INTO uses merge-on-read semantics and writes positional delete ...
https://man.mtool.work/duckdb/2.0/core_extensions/iceberg/writing_to_iceberg.htm...
ANALYZE Statement 10155
The ANALYZE statement recomputes the statistics on DuckDB's tables. Usage The statistics recomputed by the ANALYZE statement are only used for join order optimization . It is therefore recommended to recompute these statistics for improved ... join orders, especially after performing large updates (inserts and/or deletes). To recompute the statistics, run: ANALYZE; ...
https://man.mtool.work/duckdb/2.0/sql/statements/analyze.html
Reclaiming Space 9535
DuckDB uses a single-file format, which has some inherent limitations w.r.t. reclaiming disk space. CHECKPOINT To reclaim space after deleting rows, use the CHECKPOINT statement . VACUUM The VACUUM statement does not trigger vacuuming deletes ...
https://man.mtool.work/duckdb/2.0/operations_manual/footprint_of_duckdb/reclaimi...
MERGE INTO Statement 9328
The MERGE INTO statement is an alternative to INSERT INTO ... ON CONFLICT that doesn't need a primary key since it allows for a custom match condition. This is a very useful alternative for upserting use cases ( INSERT + UPDATE ) when the d ... M people ORDER BY id; id name salary 1 John 98000.0 2 Anna 100000.0 3 Sarah 95000.0 Another common pattern is to receive a delete set of rows, which may only contain ids of rows to be deleted. MERGE INTO people USING ( SELECT 1 AS id, ) AS deletes USING ... id name salary 2 Anna 100000.0 3 Sarah 95000.0 MERGE INTO also supports more complex conditions, for example, for a given delete set we can decide to only remove rows that contain a salary bigger or equal than a certain amount. MERGE INTO people USING ... ( SELECT unnest([3, 2]) AS id, ) AS deletes USING (id) WHEN MATCHED AND people.salary >= 100_000.0 THEN DELETE; FROM people ORDER BY id; id name salary 3 Sarah 95000. ...
https://man.mtool.work/duckdb/2.0/sql/statements/merge_into.html
Appender 8914
Use an appender to insert rows that your Python code produces. It collects rows and writes them together in one SQL statement; this is called flushing. The with block below flushes on successful exit: import duckdb con = duckdb.connect() co ... vents", columns=["kind"]) appender.append_row("login") appender.append_row("logout") appender.flush() Updates, Upserts and Deletes The action argument picks the statement: "insert" (the default), "upsert" , "update" or "delete" . An upsert inserts new r ... ppended column. Use columns to choose the appended columns. delete appends only the key columns, in the order of key , and deletes the rows that match. A NULL key matches nothing. A plain insert writes the rows in append order while preserve_insertion_o ...
https://man.mtool.work/duckdb/2.0/clients/python/appender.html
Lakehouse Formats 8707
Lakehouse formats, often referred to as open table formats, are specifications for storing data in object storage while maintaining some guarantees such as ACID transactions or keeping snapshot history. Over time, multiple lakehouse formats ... ox through core extensions. DuckLake Iceberg Delta Lance Extension ducklake iceberg delta lance Read ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ Write ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ Deletes ✅ ✅ ❌ ✅ Updates ✅ ✅ ❌ ✅ Upserting ✅ ✅ ❌ ✅ Create table ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ Create table with partitions ✅ ✅ ✅ ❌ Attaching to a catalog ...
https://man.mtool.work/duckdb/2.0/lakehouse_formats.html
Vector Similarity Search Extension 8293
The vss extension is an experimental extension for DuckDB that adds indexing support to accelerate vector similarity search queries using DuckDB's new fixed-size ARRAY type. See the announcement blog post and the “What's New in the Vector S ... rocess may take some time, but it should still be faster than simply dropping and re-creating the index. Inserts, Updates, Deletes and Re-Compaction The HNSW index does support inserting, updating and deleting rows from the table after index creation. H ... after the table has been populated with data as the initial bulk load can make better use of parallelism on large tables. Deletes are not immediately reflected in the index, but are instead “marked” as deleted, which can cause the index to grow stale o ...
https://man.mtool.work/duckdb/2.0/core_extensions/vss.html
Indexing 7879
DuckDB has two types of indexes: zonemaps and ART indexes. Zonemaps DuckDB automatically creates zonemaps (also known as min-max indexes) for the columns of all general-purpose data types . Operations like predicate pushdown into scan opera ... ving an ART index on a column are as follows: ART indexes enable constraint checking during changes (inserts, updates, and deletes). Changes on indexed tables perform worse than their non-indexed counterparts. That is because of index maintenance for th ...
https://man.mtool.work/duckdb/2.0/guides/performance/indexing.html
Full-Text Search Extension 7673
Full-Text Search is an extension to DuckDB that allows for search through strings, similar to SQLite's FTS5 extension . Installing and Loading The fts extension will be transparently autoloaded on first use from the official extension repos ... ting index on a table. Defaults to 0 incremental BOOLEAN Whether to maintain the FTS index with triggers after inserts and deletes on the input table. Requires the document identifier column to be declared NOT NULL or PRIMARY KEY . Defaults to 0 This PR ...
https://man.mtool.work/duckdb/2.0/core_extensions/full_text_search.html
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